The Existence Of Evil Demon - 1020 Words

On Meditation 1, the philosopher Rene Descartes centers on the idea that senses can not be trusted. Since in the past senses deceived him and let to false beliefs. Therefore his main concern is to erase all of the false beliefs he held to be true by analyzing and questioning which of them should be unreliable. Descartes, then, creates a new belief system in which all of the beliefs are correct. By doing this, he eliminates the doubt by arguing the possibility of an evil demon that is capable of deceiving our senses and even the mathematical knowledge we might have. That is, maybe this evil demon manipulates my thoughts so I can see only what he wants me to see. It is like that the only existent things in the world are the evil demon and I. Nothing else around me exists. But can I question things not perceived by the senses? Is it possible to doubt that a square has four sides and 1+1=2? The answer would be yes. This evil demon can put this into my mind so I can see it. Thus, I do not have any mathematical knowledge. If this is the case, then I should not trust anything that comes from my senses and reasons. Therefore, nothing based upon sense experience can count as certain. Another skeptical argument Descartes present in meditation 1 is whether or not we can distinguish dreams from reality. In this argument, Descartes is saying that when I dream I have similar sense experience as to when I am awake. However, those experiences are not precisely accurate as toShow MoreRelatedEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 Pages On the contrary, he uses these arguments to help prove one of his main theses, which is the existence of God. One of the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof for the existence of God comes from the evil demon argument, which he proposed, in the first meditation. It is this evil demon argument, which will be the topic of the following discussion. The purpose of Descartes#8217; evil demon argument is to establish doubt upon his belief that God is the sole figure who puts thoughts intoRead MoreDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito argument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? In this essay I will attempt to show that the philosopher, Renà ¨ Descartes’ Cogito Argument successfully proves the Evil Demon Argument to be unsound. By an analysis of the structure of the arguments and what they prove, I will show the evil demon argument to be unsound. An argument is unsound when the premises as false and the argument is invalid. This analysis of both structure and content will eventuateRead MoreDescartes Epistemology1696 Words   |  7 Pagesall good and never deceptive, he named his deceiver the â€Å"Evil Demon† a complete opposite to his wholesome observation of God (Blackburn, 2001:19). Descartes established that the â€Å"Evil Demon† argument could wipe away any assurance of his prior knowledge except for one: his existence (Descartes, 1984:17). This was a good argument because it presented a well thought out reason to question his knowledge. Descartes argued that if an â€Å"Evil Demon† truly existed and is only focused on deceiving him thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes s The Meditations Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation, however, his answer to the doubt cast by the Evil Demon ploy does not fully relieve the dilemma of skepticism that his intense application of doubt has brought forth. Ultimately, Descartes is unable to satisfactorily answer the Evil Demon doubt because his argument does not prove that God’s existence would not prevent the serious errors in judgment and perception caused by the Evil Demon doubt. Descartes uses the Evil Demon hypothesis to prove that all one knows for sure is that theyRead MoreEssay about The Intent of Bouwsmas Descartes Evil Genius794 Words   |  4 PagesThe Intent of Bouwsmas Descartes Evil Genius Bouwsmas essay critiques Descartes use of the evil demon in his Meditations on First Philosophy through the creation of two situations in which the evil genius attempts to use his powers for their express purpose, that of deception. Bouwsma conveniently admits the existence of four or five clear and distinct ideas and goes on to show that the evil genius is capable of deceiving mankind about everything else, specifically sensory perceptionsRead MoreThe Dream Inside Of A Dream By Christopher Nolan1683 Words   |  7 Pagesmodeled after the work of Descartes. More specifically, I will discuss how the movie is based off of Descartes dream conjecture and evil-demon conjecture. In order to better structure this paper I will first provide briefing on Renà © Descartes. Renà © Descartes lived during the sixteenth century, and is most famously known for his dream conjecture and his evil-demon conjecture. Collectively, these ideas formed the start of Descartes’ skepticism idea. Descartes was known to refuse to accept the authorityRead MoreDescartes Meditation On First Philosophy943 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy, Descartes argues that his idea of God must have come from God himself. One can also wonder whether that very own argument could also apply when Descartes has an idea of the Evil Demon. In this paper, I will argue that Descartes would not think that his having an idea of the Evil Demon proves that the Evil Demon exists. In his paper, Descartes was trying to find the source of his idea of God in order to prove that God exists or not. Descartes states that all of his ideas come from threeRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes Dreaming Argument812 Words   |  4 Pagesbe certain of anything. His evil demon argument is similar but uses the idea of an evil demon deceiving you instead of your senses. These sceptical arguments mean that we cannot be certain of anything at all for it may be happening whilst we are dreaming, or we are being tricked into thinking it is happening. I do not agree with Descartes because I feel that I can be certain I am not dreaming, and I do not believe that other supernatural creatures; such as an evil demon exists. In Descartes’ FirstRead MoreAn Analysis Of Descartes And The Dreaming Argument1390 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will take a look at Descartes Dreaming argument and Evil Demon argument. As well as discussing their weaknesses and strengths to later decide which argument is the best. Despite my belief of subjective truths, the reason for doing this is to establish both arguments on an equal basis and to determine which would be best in an argument. The Dreaming argument first showed up in Descartes First Meditation, where he focusses on the task to educate himself on his own doubt. When meditatingRead MoreImmune Of Doubt By Rene Descartes916 Words   |  4 Pagesassertion, Descartes had to establish that he exists and subsequently make several enquiries about his attributes and be able to demonstrate that he can only be sure of his ability to think. In the process of questioning his own existence Descartes starts by denying the existence of his body and his senses, perhaps the two most important things that we humans associate with our being. He biases these denials on the fact that he had dreams before that had seemed just as vivid as ‘real life’ perhaps he

Students with Disabilities in Career and Technical Education

Students with Disabilities in Career and Technical Education Career and technical education (CTE) can provide significant benefits to students with disabilities. CTE teachers need to be aware of the rights of students with disabilities and of the planning process involved in meeting their needs. In addition, CTE teachers must know what role they play both in planning and in providing instruction. CTE teachers often need background information on the details of disabilities and the accommodations required. This Digest provides information on students with disabilities for secondary CTE teachers. Benefits of CTE Research shows that students with disabilities in secondary CTE programs were less likely to drop out and more likely†¦show more content†¦The 1998 Perkins Act requires equal access for special populations, including students with disabilities, to all vocational programs, services, and activities and prohibits discrimination based on special population status. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), as amended in 1997, establishes the right of students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education, including special education, related services, and transition services. The Individualized Education Program (IEP) mandated by IDEA draws on the results of a comprehensive evaluation of the students educational needs at least once every 3 years (ibid.; Smith 2000). The IEP must identify the students current level of educational performance; measurable goals and objectives; special education, related services, and other accommodations to be provided; and the extent of participation with nondisabled students. The IEP must also specify how the students progress will be measured, how parents will be informed of progress, and the extent of modification in state- and districtwide tests. Beginning at age 14, the IEP must include a statement of transition services the student will need to reach postschool goals; beginning at age 16, the IEP must include a statement of transition servicesShow MoreRelatedSocial Skills And Technical Education1099 Words   |  5 Pagesspecial education career and technical education students using the Social Skills Rating System in strument (SSRS). In addition, the study compared self-reported social skill ratings of career and technical education students with and without disabilities, and compared the teachers and employers’ ratings of career and technical education students’ social skills and problem behaviors. The research questions addressed in this study were as follows: 1. Did the content analysis of the special education studentsRead MoreThe Goal Of Trio Student Support Services At Pulaski Technical College Essay873 Words   |  4 Pageshis education message to Congress, President Lyndon B. Johnson conveyed that in order to strengthen our country, we needed to provide more higher education opportunities for lower and middle income families, and on November 8, 1965, the Higher Education Act became law. The first three programs established under the new Higher Education Act were, Upward Bound, Talent Search, and Student support services. Together this â€Å"Trio† of federally funded programs encouraged access to higher education forRead MoreInteragency Agreement Analysis958 Words   |  4 Pagesagencies relies on the commitment of a spectrum of people within those agencies to cooperate. All partners that improving employment success for the community’s students and youth with disabilities has a common goal, each has something distinct to gain if the partnership is operating well. Schools may find it easier to meet special education law requirements through well-designed partnerships. Businesses may gain opportunities for preparing the future workforce. Government-sponsored agencies may moreRead MoreCommunity College Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesOffice of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP) Pathways to Careers: Community Colleges for Youth and Young Adults with Disabilities Demonstration Project (SCA 14-03) Why the Focus on Community Colleges Community colleges are the post-secondary institution of choice for youth with disabilities. Enrollment of students with disabilities in community colleges is growing faster than at 4-year institutions. Newman et al. found that between 1990 and 2005, community college enrollment of students with disabilitiesRead MoreBarriers . A Barrier That Has Sparked Concern In A Career1034 Words   |  5 PagesBARRIERS A barrier that has sparked concern in a Career and Technical education (CTE) program with students with disabilities is appropriate and reasonable accessibility from class to class. These physical barriers to academic services may include lack proper elevator or ramps within a multiple-storied structure as well as heavy doors and unreachable washroom essentials. Additionally, transportation to and from a CTE school may cause barriers. Students at the post-secondary level also experience difficultyRead MoreExamples Of Software For Disabled Operators1248 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the proper aids, a physical or developmental disability can hinder their ability to live a productive life. In today’s technology-dependent world being unable to access a computer or other mobile device is not only inconvenient, it can seriously inhibit access to employment and services, as well as social media. Assistive software designed to bridge the gap between the user and the interface is cru cial to helping those with disabilities gain access to the same prospects as those who are notRead MoreProviding Professional And Vocational Education1709 Words   |  7 Pagessecond barrier standing in the way of the process of obtaining professional and vocational education was this: ‘It is physically very difficult to get to school’ as indicated by our respondents. At present, in the Russian Federation, only 10 percent of universities provide not only architectural but, first and foremost, educational and methodological accessibility of higher education for disabled students, demonstrating a proper level of professional and pedagogical competence of the teaching staffRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pageswas based on the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. The act was established based on the promise of Thomas Jefferson to create a free public education system in Virginia (Hammond, Kohn, Meier, Sizer Wood, 2004). The act is now reauthorized as the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act was to make sure that children were given a fair, quality education. The act set out to close the achievement gaps in education, which were caused by children livingRead MoreThe Importance Of Career And Technical Education1058 Words   |  5 PagesThe Career and Technical Education (CTE) Department and the courses taught in this department of the Danville Public School systems is required to adhere to the guidelines and regulations set forth by the Virginia Department of Education and the local school district. In addition, as a recipient of Carl D. Perkins funds, other guidelines and regulations as outlined in the grant must be followed. As student enroll and complete academic work in a CTE course, industry and work readiness certificationsRead MoreThe Adoption Of The Common Core State Standards3072 Words   |  13 Pagesby the California State Board of Education (SBE); nineteen mo nths later in March of 2012 the SBE approved an implementation plan to serve as a timeline for California schools to support and execute new CCSS curriculum, with corresponding teaching resources, and assessment of students using new assessment tools grounded in the new standards framework (cde.ca.gov. p. 11). â€Å"Preparing students to transition without remediation to postsecondary education or to careers that pay a living wage, or both,

Tourism and Hospitality in Sydney NSW-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Hospitality in Sydney. Answer: New South Wales (NSW) is one of the ancient states of Australia and is home to Sydney: the most glamorous capital city. Travellers from all over the world stream into the city to have a glimpse of the harbor, Opera House and world class eateries, walkways and museums. The city of Sydney has not only attractions within but without where Australias World Heritage is found. Additionally, modern dining, shopping, and cultural sites enrich the visit to the city. The city is further surrounded by national parks with adventurous native environments (Council, 2000). Taronga Zoo is one of the magnificent sites situated in the Mosman neighborhood of Sydney on the hillside of the harbor. The Taronga Zoo is home to indigenous creatures of Australia and from other parts of the world. The Roar and Snore adventure of the Zoo allows the visitors to hold back for the whole night catch a glimpse of the nocturnal animals, and the Nura Diya tour, who offer additional information on the life of the Aboriginal Peoples (Woods, 2002). Traffic is not an issue to the Zoo since the ferry ride directly leads to the Zoo. Also, it is accessible by car or bus after which the short gondola ride leads to the entrance of the Zoo. According to Frawley (2009), the other fascinating scene is the Sydney Botanic Gardens which are uncommon because they offer a parade of the natural floral scene and at the same time are proximal to the city center and the beautiful view and landmarks of Sydney Harbour. The Botanic Gardens are strategically located to offer relief from the busy town and with a panoramic view of the activities at the harbor. The trees and plants of the garden are named and each species described in detail. Furthermore, the trees in the backyard are a home to birds such as the cockatoos and foxes which add to the garden its enriching spectacular scene. Additionally, its natural oasis with its bluish waters makes the scene enjoyable. The different division of the garden into a series of specific parts each dominated with various kinds of plants, from Begonias to Palms, etc. make the garden spectacular. This difference in the distribution of the species makes the garden ever beautiful and different in ea ch season all through the year. The iconic Sydney Opera House is the major scene which drives people to Sydney. The Sydney Opera House is the most known human-made structure in Australia and the world due to its exceptional architectural design. The building houses over 1500 performances that attract approximately 1.2 million people annually. The Opera House is located on the Bennelong Point Harbour and surrounded by the harbor on three sides; its position and magnificence makes it unavoidable to the visitors (Shofner, 2007). The Australian National Maritime Museum is also best for its historical seafaring vessels one of which is an imitation of the James Craig and that of Captain James Cook; which provides a flashback on the history of the Harbour. The museum hosts seven galleries that fully cover the maritime history of the nation, right from the unearthing of the underworld to the governments defense during the Second World War (McShane, 2007). The Queen Victoria Building is the landmark of shopping connected with subversive arcades to the Town Hall Station. Initially, it served as a market hall as from 1893 to 1898, but its outstanding dome surrounded by smaller domes twenty in number supersedes its initial intention (Shaw, 1987). The elegant building was neglected and was almost destroyed, but its restoration to the original state has revived it, and currently, it is home to over two hundred shops. The mosaic floors and tarnished glass windows give it a unique old look in the present. Morris (1982) asserts that The Sydney Tower soaring into the sky 309m in height is the tallest construction in the city and one of the most glaring scenes besides the Opera House and Harbour Bridge. This tower protrudes above the Centre point shopping mall. The tower can be climbed by use of express lifts for an excellent view of the city. The tower enables a panoramic view of the whole town and its environs which no other site can offer. In addition to the tourist sites described so far, the Sydney Beaches add up the exciting scenes of the city. The beaches are extended along the harbor with protruding sheltered coves occupied cool water and shiny sands. Ford (2007) observes that The Bondi Beach is abundant with its intermittent breaks and a multicultural atmosphere. Some of the ocean breached includes Cronulla; which is accessible by train, Bronte and many others. With the ferry, the visitors can still access the Manly beach which is liked for its beachfront promenade, enclosed ocean pool, and luxurious hotels. Furthermore, the breaks at Collaroy allow the swimmers to swim within the boundaries of the flags. Also, the fair life-saving competitions that are done along the beaches during summer make the scenes more enjoyable. Jones (2016) observes that The George Street is the oldest street in Australia, though it was not named before and was occupied by convicts fetching water supplies. Currently, it serves as the most attractive streets filled with traffic arteries and with a host of ancient buildings. It is the George Street that hosts the Queen Victoria structure complete with high domes, tainted glass windows, and projected stores. Adjacent to the Sydney Town Hall is the combination of the display of architectural designs that resemble a decorated cake. Another one that is easily noticeable is the St Andrews Cathedral that was dedicated in 1868. A lot of shops are, and boutiques are found along the street as well. The King Cross located in the eastern part of the city center is a multifaceted glowing light district with an interesting Bohemian history. History has it that the region was occupied by the artistry in the 1900s up to the time it grew into a typical hangout for beatniks and hippies later on. The area degenerated more and more due to the influx of the American troops during the Vietnam War. Notwithstanding its bad repute at night, at day time its a right place. The trendy restaurants are a host to most of the ramblers that come from the hostels ( Southgate et al., 2005). References Council, S. C. (2000). City of Sydney yearbook 1999.Sydney: SCC. Ford, C. (2007). The first wave: the making of a beach culture in Sydney, 1810-1920. Frawley, J. (2009). Campaigning for Street Trees, Sydney Botanic Gardens, 1890s- 1920s.Environment and History, 303-322. Retrieved from: https://www.environmentandsociety.org/sites/default/files/key_docs/frawley-15-3.pdf Jones, D. F. (2016). 379 George Street, Sydney.Item:[2012.0031. 01089]" 379 George Street, Sydney". McShane, I. (2007). Museology and public policy: Rereading the development of the National Museum of Australias collection.Journal of the National Museum of Australia,2(2), 201-13. Morris, M. (1982). Sydney tower.Island Magazine, (9/10), 53. Shaw, J. (1987).QVB The Queen Victoria Building 1898-1986. Wellington Lane Press. Shofner, S. (2007).Sydney Opera House. Australia: The Creative Company. Southgate, E., Weatherall, A. M., Day, C., Dolan, K. A. (2005). What's in a virus? Folk understandings of hepatitis C infection and infectiousness among injecting drug users in Kings Cross, Sydney.International journal for equity in health,4(1), 5. Woods, B. (2002). Good zoo/bad zoo: Visitor experiences in captive settings.Anthrozos,15(4), 343-3

Positive Experience of Failure Essays - Failure, Maintenance

Positive Experience of Failure Can failure be a positive experience? Failure is a negative result but, it also has a positive experience. Many people had many experiences which they were positive and negative until they became successful . We should learn from our failures, admit them and even embrace them. You won't learn if you don' t try and fail. Failure experience can lead to three positive experiences. First, f ailure helps you to learn achieving your goals. Thomas Edison said that he hadn't field in his hundred of attempts to create the light bulb. It's not always negative experience when you fail to get the results you want but, it's an opportunity to s tart again or try a new method. Failure will give you lessons you should learn to get your aims. Second, f ailure gives you the best chance to success. Although my oldest brother failed in the final test in high school for one time, he didn't give up. He studied hard and went to Saba university. After graduating as the first in his major, he has gotten a good position as a software engineering in Dubai. There's always something to learn from failure experience and many n ew opportunities are available to achieve your dreams. Finally, f ailure can be a reason to push you forward. When you try to do something and fail, you will never be the person you were before you started the way. You will develop your ability and skills but ,If you avoid pursuing aims and dreams because the fear of failure you will never know what you can do. Failure can push you to a new advance level. Although many people think that failure is a negative experience that can make them frustrated and this frustration will always stop them to be open for new experience. It can be sometimes. However, if you don't fail you will not learn, know your ability or push yourself to new level. Many successful scientists had failed many times before they reached their goals and proved for us that failure helped them too much. In fact, Fai lure can be a reason to success, go forward with new skills and ability and a chance to achieve what you want. No one was born with knowledge. We should take the failure experience into consideration and learn from it.

Imaginations, Values, and Emotions

Imaginations, Values, and Emotions There are wide variations in regard to time periods and genres as far as art works are concerned. It is worth noting that some art works were founded on individuals’ minds or cultural and social influences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Imaginations, Values, and Emotions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, other art works were as a result of an influence from the features and styles used during previous periods and were a reaction or continuation to the artistic styles. The link between the renaissance and neoclassical art eras will be examined. There will be an analysis and discussion of whether there was a reaction to or continuation between the two art periods. Renaissance, characteristics, and social conditions that led to the advent The word renaissance is a French term. It came up during the nineteenth century and elaborates the rebirth of a period that occurred between the fourteenth and sev enteenth century. The artists during this period emulated the works of art from artists before this period. In addition, they incorporated color and light via novel dimensions. During this period, there was innovation of the sense of space and perspective that allowed viewers to view in 3- dimensions. Art was fundamentally inspired by sacred and commissions motivations (Rachels Rachels, 2007). Some of the notorious artists during the renaissance art period included Raphael, Leornardo, and Michelangelo. The art works done during this period were elaborated in that they included more than the vanishing point, horizontal line, and linear perspective. The artists during the renaissance art period had a keen interest in the way light hit objects and consequently formed shadows (Rachels Rachels, 2007). The light and shadows played a great role in attracting viewers to particular areas on the object. The artists also wanted the viewer to get involved emotionally as he looked at the objec t and, therefore, get encouragement and faith. The artists also invested greatly in naturalism and realism. For instance, they wanted images of people to appear more realistic. The images were solid and showed real emotions. This made the viewer to start thinking about what the people were feeling or thinking. Neoclassical, characteristics, and social conditions that led to the advent Neoclassical art refers to a form of art that was exceptionally unemotional and severe. Its rigidity was closely associated with the Baraque and Rocco styles. It was as a result of the renewed interest arising from the classical period. This was greatly beneficial to a number of revolutions. Romanticism emerged in the 1800s as a reaction to neoclassicism and some of the famous artists during this period included Robert Adam, Bertel Thorvaldsen, and Anton Rapheal Mengs.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore The key characteristics of the art works during the neoclassical period included stern heroism, lack of emotions, and seriousness. The artists often used sombre colors and brilliant highlights that portrayed self- sacrifice and self- denial. The neoclassical period had distinct features of the structure and form used during the classical art period. In addition, there was clarity and realism (Rachels Rachels, 2007). It is worth noting that similar to the renaissance period that had connections to the social situations and political structure, the neoclassical period had a direct connection to the political events. Neoclassism was linked to the French Revolution beliefs. Similarities and differences between neoclassical and renaissance art periods Whereas the artists during the neoclassical period aimed at recreating the classical art period, which was the Romans’ and Greeks’ style, the renaissance period was basically a rebirth. During the renaissance peri od, people started considering science as a way of answering questions and receiving information. Previously, only religion was used. The neoclassicists were in search of a simple way of thinking that was not chaotic. Continuation of the previous historical art period During the neoclassical period, artists wanted to bring about advancements as was the case during the neoclassical period (Rachels Rachels, 2007). During the two periods, there were great advancements in visual arts, music, painting, and architecture. In addition, the fame associated with artists during the renaissance period continued during the neoclassical period as a result of the artistic philosophies and ideologies experienced. Specific works During the renaissance period, Michelangelo came up with a masterpiece referred to as David. In addition, the Psyche Revised by Cupid’s Kiss was created by Antonio Canova. The renaissance art was represented by David through an impression of the political scenario th at prevailed. On the other hand, the Psyche Revised by Cupid’s Kiss was a depiction of the artist’s concentration on the classical arts and Romans (Rachels Rachels, 2007). Relationship between the works The two works of art discussed reflect huge artistic developments. Irrespective of the fact that the two periods were a representation of great advancing periods as far as art was concerned, the artists and art purposed on extremely varying things. During the renaissance period, artists focused on the political systems, social situations, and culture. The art was created from the social conditions that contributed to the political system in Europe. Hence, it is evident that the link between neoclassical and renaissance cannot be underrated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Imaginations, Values, and Emotions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Rachels, J. Rachels, S. (2007). The elements of mora l philosophy (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Huck, Tom, and Moral Fiber essays

Huck, Tom, and Moral Fiber essays The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn illustrates two young boys lives as they grow together, then apart. Through their shared experiences Huck and Tom remain friends, but once Huck goes out on his own, their very different experiences lead them to very different lives. Twain suggests moral character is only formed through experience. In the beginning, Huck and Tom are relatively similar in their experience and are typical for boys of their age and civilization. Huck follows Tom a lot because he believes Tom is smart from reading all of his books. Even though Huck follows Tom he is still independent and even rebuts Tom early on in the story. When we was ten foot off Tom whispered to me, and wanted to tie Jim to the tree for fun. But I said no; he might wake and make a disturbance, and then theyd find out I warnt in. Then Tom said he hadnt got candles enough, and he would slip in the kitchen and get some more. I didnt want him to try. I said Jim might wake up and come. But Tom wanted to resk it; so we slid in there and got three candles and Tom laid five cents on the table for pay. (15) From this passage you can conclude that Huck has a mind of his own, he just isnt willing to use it yet. Huck also has the intention of not being sivilized. Huck says that The Widow Douglas she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldnt stand it no longer I lit out. (11) Huck still has few ideas about the ways of his society, and already despises being civilized. Although Huck seems to have had these independent characteristics from the beginning, he goes along with Tom time and again because of his lack of experience. Huck desires Tom's companionship on the adventures throughout the book. The first time Huck wishes Tom ...

Business law article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business law - Article Example For example, in Europe, a three week vacation is normal but workers in America are not keen in even taking a week off much less three week vacation. Employers however are encouraging tenured employees to take vacation by giving them incentives ranging from $750 to $1,000. The idea was to avoid being burned out at work and to reduce work related stress. Nobody will disagree that everybody needs to rest and have a break at some point. Studies have shown as indicated in the article that employees who unplugs from work reduces the risk of being burned out and reduces work related stress. But having a mandatory long break in a business setting where long breaks are not typically taken may have an adverse effect on the operations and bottom line of a business which is not desirable particularly at this time where companies are still in the process of recovery from a long period of recession during the 2008 financial crisis. Employees having long vacation will obviously leave the business understaffed and a business who is not used to being undermanned may have hard time adjusting and this may affect the company’s competitiveness. Having fewer tenured staffs around meant that the inexperienced employees have to step up and this could make the business under its optimal performance that could leave many customers dissatisfied thus undermining the competitiveness of the business. The timing of implementing sabbaticals or long vacation is also a suspect. It raises the question whether employers can actually afford giving its employees long vacation and to top it, with an incentive that goes with it. It is only recent that companies have recovered from the crisis and most companies may not yet that have deep reservoir of resources to send their employees on long vacation. The efficacy of the sabbatical program is also doubtful in American context who have the penchant of working long as â€Å"work martyr complex†

The Customer Analysis and Market Segmentation Essay

The Customer Analysis and Market Segmentation - Essay Example The study shows that producers need to create commodities on high demand thus, the need to make potential estimates. While marketing industrial grinding machinery, a marketer will have to make four decisions, which include; the pricing decisions, the product decisions, the placing decisions and the promotion decisions. Under the product decisions, the marketer will first have to decide on the quality, brand name, and functionality of the machinery. Depending on the potential estimates made and the potential customers being targeted, the standards set can be high or low. Marketers need to consider this because for instance; some brand names will appeal to some customers while to others they may not make any sense at all. The pricing decisions are highly critical since they determine the profit-making of the organization. The marketer should ensure that the price set is in accordance with the potential estimates made. Prices should not be exceptionally high since this may cause custome rs to shift to the competitors. In making this decision, marketers should evaluate the prices of other grinders in the market. The marketer also has to decide whether discounts will be issued on the machinery or not (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). Under the placing decisions, the marketer has to decide on the distribution of the grinding machinery. Depending on the potential estimates made concerning the market available, the marketer has to decide which places to distribute the product and which to be left idle. Transportation decisions also have to be considered, and the number of distribution channels. However, most distribution centers should be placed where a wide potential market has been identified. Promotion decisions include the various ways in which the marketer can market the product. Different marketers will use different strategies of marketing a product depending on its type. For instance, marketing grinding machinery would need a method such as personal selling to ensure tha t the customer is totally made aware of the product and its functioning. However, other methods of marketing such as advertising might leave some information about the product. 2) What is the relationship among market segmentation, target marketing, and positioning? What will happen to a company’s target marketing and positioning efforts if markets are incorrectly or not effectively/insightfully segmented? Market segmentation refers to the division of the customers of a product in different groups. Customers will mainly be divided depending on their needs, their characteristics and their financial ability. While segmenting the market, the marketer also has to consider the organization’s ability to satisfy all the segments and the competitive advantage of each segment. Other factors that have to be considered in evaluating the segmentation includes; the costs of the product and the sales estimates (Pride & Ferrell, 2011). Once the business has divided its market into di fferent segments, it then evaluates the potential gains of each market and then chooses which to concentrate on. This process is referred to as target marketing. The market chosen is then referred to as the target market.

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay Example for Free

Identify and fully describe the main developments Essay 1. Identify and fully describe the main developments of Operating Systems, giving examples of their origins and use. Batch Operating Systems were an early operating system available, and were first introduced in the mid 50s. They were designed to make human manual work easier; humans were replicating identical jobs over and over again, hence in batch. A batch operating system keeps itself eventful; it does this by taking jobs from a batch queue, instead of waiting for people to submit jobs. The jobs are then processed one or more at a time under control of the operating system, however most jobs undertaken in this operating system would be single-task. These type of operating system were often left to work overnight, mainly because the jobs were batched the next job in the queue would be commenced as soon as the previous job had been completed, this way of processing would allow for a large work load to be automatically completed without the requirement to wait and tell the computer to do the next job. Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) are often embedded, meaning a integral part of a system inside another device. They have very little user interface capability. Real time operating systems like their name implies, respond to an input immediately. Real time operating systems are capable of processing data so quickly that the results are available to influence the activity currently taking place. [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996] Real time operating systems guarantee a certain capability within a specified time constraint; these time constraints are usually very rigid. If the system does not conform to this time limit, the system ultimately fails. They are used for various purposes; a few of these are medical equipment, industrial control systems and car computers. Parallel Systems have more than one processor to carry out a single job. The systems often carry out one single job using the resources of both processors of the machine; however some systems will have a processor dedicated to a single task. These operations work in parallel (side by side) of one another. Distributed Systems act as an illusion to a user. A multiple number of nodes are set up on a network, to allow data access or device sharing. This allows for other users of different machines to access data on another machine on the network. For example at college a student logs on to the machine, the machine seems local to the user, the user observes the system as using its own local drives and devices. However these Drives and devices are setup on a client-server machine but appear to be local to the user. Time Sharing Operating Systems allow multi-tasking, the operating system shares a slice of the processor resources to designated programs and users logged on to the system. For example, it is not unusual for a home user to have a word processing package, internet browser and a multimedia package to be open at the same time. Microsoft Windows is a great example for allowing this. Personal Computer Operating Systems were brought about in the early 70s. However it wasnt until the 1980s that they became popular, and the focus of the operating system changed from the hardware aspect, to that of the user interface (how the user observes the operating system). Personal Computer Systems are simply operating systems that share the processors resources for single users tasks. The main concept behind personal computer operating systems is the user interface. The workings are important; however the main principal is that the user is entirely interactive with the system. These are perhaps the most difficult for designers to produce, as a very high level knowledge of user interface design is required. This is to allow users of any level to use the system comfortably. It allows for considerable power for a single user to run high-tech graphics and multimedia packages. These operating systems evolved in to very capable systems, allowing for heavy multi-tasking usage. Examples of Personal Computer operating systems are as follows: Microsoft Windows Linux Apple Macintosh MAC OS 2. Identify and fully describe the main purposes of an operating system. All components of the operating system are required to be covered, to clearly show an understanding of what each component does and how they fit into the overall system design. Process Management Process management is a way of tracking processes and managing them in such a way that there is enough processor resources to correctly function. Process is another word for a task that is to be performed by the computer. Along with a process is a set of information about the particular process. The information required to track these processes are stored in a data package called a Process Control Block (PCB). The process control block contains the following information about a process:   An identification number that uniquely identifies the process Owner ID An identification of the user/device who the process belongs to   Priority A number to represent its priority to the system   Status What its current state is. This is 1 of 3 states (Ready, Waiting, Running). Units of Processor Time Used   Resources waiting for for example paper for the printer.   Link to Another PCB   Registers the registers the process has contents in. Process ID 239845 Owner ID Chris. Oliver Priority 25 Status Waiting Units of Processor Time Used 264 Resource waiting for Disks [printer] Link to another PCB Next PCB in wait Queue Registers Contents of registers when process last stopped running An example of a PCB is shown below: this is for a print job A Processes state is diagrammatically shown below, this shows state transition and how it works. A process can be in one of five states; these five states are as follows: State Definition HOLD A processs state at the beginning, this is when the devices and memory allocation size is decided. READY this state is when the process has been allocated all the resources required and is ready for being operated on by the computer RUNNING This state is when the process is in the CPU WAITING This is when the process stops because of an input or output waiting to be completed. The process is removed from the processor and is allocated this state. It is given this state until the input or output is given the all clear. FINISHED This is when the process has been finished, and all the devices used by the process have been released ready for the next process. Deadlocks Deadlocks occur when a multiple number of processes fight for very little resources available from the processor. For example one process has been granted the allocation of the modem, however is waiting for a text file, but process two has the text file and is waiting for the modem. In this instance each process will not gather the resources required because they have been allocated to another process, this is where a deadlock occurs. Process Management in an operating system has the job to destroy one of the processes to allow for one of the processes to be put in the ready queue. Scheduling Scheduling is a method in the operating system that allows processes to enter the ready queue allowing them to then take execution. The strategies used to take these processes and allow them to be ready for execution are as follows:   Process the maximum amount of jobs.   Sharing out processing time equally to users   Providing acceptable response times, this is in the form of not running intensive programs while users are logged on to the system. Keeping devices as busy as possible.   Attempting to gradually freeing up of processes, instead of crashing.   Avoid Deadlocking Scheduling is comprised of three sections: 1 Long Term Scheduling this is where processes are batched together, when the resources and space are free the process is then executed. This type of scheduling is used for jobs like heavy overnight print jobs. 2 Mid-Term Scheduling this is where a decision is made as to whether the processor is to busy for the amount of processes attempting to use it, the decision can be then fixed by terminating processes. When the system is free again the process can be re-executed. 3 Short Term Scheduling is a where the next process is selected from the ready queue; it uses algorithms to do this. Shortest burst time being the time spent running before the process will have to wait before an input or output operation. Shortest remaining time is the processes that have very little time left; this inevitably allows space for another process to execute. Priority scheduling a control that allow special circumstance processes to execute through the system quickly. Round robin limits the time a process is allowed to run before it is removed, it is then placed back in the ready queue. Memory Management Memory is an area in which data and instructions are stored. These operations must be managed by an operating system in order for the system to be stable and to run fluently. Memory management within an operating system must ensure that a process has enough memory to run, ensuring it does not go in to another processes slot as this causes corruption. This management is a way of protecting memory from becoming unstable. Memory management is also responsible for using the computers other memory sources effectively, to ensure programs run smoothly and effectively. This is handled by using virtual memory; using the hard disc drive as a temporary memory source for processes and data. This can benefit the user in various ways: The user is not rigidly restricted to space available. Using a large virtual memory space provides convenience for instances where large programs etc. are required to be stored in memory. Users are using less physical memory; therefore the system can handle more users on the system. High Speed Cache is a fast memory storage; cache predicts the data that the CPU may need next, it then retrieves it from RAM and places it in to the high speed cache, this speeds up system performance, as cache is a lot faster than RAM is in providing for the processor. The operating systems task is to control an even flow of the processes and decide where they should go practically, moving processes to the best location as the scheduler asks it to do so. This scheduler knows what process is next in line therefore can tell memory it is next and to move it to a suitable location for it to be quickly accessed. Paging Paging is a method used in operating systems to make a programs memory non-contiguous, in simple terms; allowing a program to be allocated to any memory location available. This is used when a bulk of data is bigger than the memory allocation it has been given; it firstly fills the memory allocation provided, and then stores the rest of the data in any space available in memory. This method of splitting the data is known as Fragmentation. This decreases system performance. Defragmentation To enhance the performance of the memory of a secondary storage medium, the operating system runs an operation called Defragmentation. Defragmentation is a process that sorts data in to a contiguous sequence. If a non-contiguous set of data is found, it will be relocated and stored as a whole. The image above is an illustration to show pictorially how a storage device could look in a data structure. As you can see fragmented files are scattered. If this data was attempted to be retrieved it would be slower feedback to the user as the data has been fragmented and would have to be found first. If data is to be found quickly and retrieved without a problem, the diagram below shows how a data structure should pictorially look. The image shows a contiguous data structure, with no fragmented files. This is the idea state for a system to be operated under. File and Disk Management TALK ABOUT HOW MEMORY IS STORED i. e. CONTIGIOUS Blocks of data are assigned in a complete row, using this method the files are simple to access. The space must be large enough to store all the data Files may become larger, therefore the space may be too small in the future, then it will need relocating (moved) This then causes fragmentation of the storage device. , NON CONTIGIOUS Files are recognised by operating systems and worked upon by using file extensions. A file consist of two parts, one being the unique name to the user, second being the file extension related to the program that runs that type of file. The operating system recognises exactly which program to open when the file is run. The way that files and data are managed, is critical to the performance of the computer and the security of the data. File management within an operating system provides a logical way for the user to observe there data, instead of having the complication of the physical implementation. Operating systems main job in this area is to ensure that data is stored and relocated correctly, as well as having the responsibility to process files, find space to store them, and to retrieve this data at any time. For example a . PDF file when run will be recognised by the operating system to be open in Adobe Acrobat Reader, providing the program is installed on the computer. An operating system can perform several different tasks towards files, they are as follows: Operation/Task Function Create finding space for it on storage medium, a new record made in directory Write Finds the file from directory and adds data to it. Read Finds the file then puts it in to memory and a read pointer is used to track where the next read place is to take place. In most operating systems however, a write pointer is held at this point, in-case the user intends to write to the file while reading Delete finds the file, then frees all space given to it, this is then erased from the computer Files are a collection of saved information that is stored on a type of storage medium for later retrieval. File attributes are the information related to the file, just like we have information related to ourselves, i. e. telephone number and home address. A files attributes are vital in order for the operating system to create a file structure system, it does this by using the attributes to sort the files in to some kind of order. For computer data files there are a set of minimum attributes related to them, they are as follows: Attribute Name Role Name an identifier to the user, in the form of a string of characters Type the type of file it is, this is important as different operating systems handle different types of files differently. Location Information held about where the file is stored, usually in the form of a path to it. e. g. C:\Documents and Settings\Chris\Assignment. doc. Size The size of the file (in bytes) e. g. 270kb. Protection Permissions to who can access the file. I. e. Read Only Date when the file was created, modified or accessed. Author the person the file was created and saved by. Directories Directories are a hierarchical way of separating these files; directories simply make it simpler for users to relocate the file at another time. The root is the top directory of a file system; the root is determined by the operating system. The root directory is usually the bootable device on a home computer system. Commonly C: Paths are a list of directories that the operating system goes through to find a run able file. For example: C:\windows\cdplayer. exe The operating system will go in to the root and then in to the directory Windows the file named cdplayer. exe will then be located and executed. Tree Structure are of a hierarchical nature, therefore the top level is the root of the directory and every other sub directory from which all other directories stem off. A Backslash is used to separate and indicate directories within directories (sub directories) Directories allow a method for the operating system to easy locate files. Volumes are a fixed amount of storage space allocated on a device. If a hard disc drive has two partitions set up, then it is said to have two volumes because it has two separate fixed storage spaces. Formatting a device in turn means to prepare it for read and write access. It does this by wiping all drive information that has been pre-set, it then tests each sector of the disc to ensure they are reliable enough for read and writing in and out of. File Allocation Techniques FAT (File Allocation Table) 32. Located on the storage device, basically holds the relevant information in a table, to find the data on the disk. its security does not measure up to that of NTFS and its filename size constraint is poor to that of NTFS. Searches from top to bottom when looking for a file. Contains the first block of each file on the disk, Requires a tremendous amount of space NTFS (New Technology File System) Used in Windows NT based operating systems Uses a similar table to that of FAT32 to keep track of file locations Looks at directory structure from the side to help speed up the location of files Uses Link Listed Allocation. Linked allocation creates inked lists using disk sectors as nodes. For example, if the sector size is 512 bytes, and it takes a 32 bit number to represent the next block address, then only 508 bytes can be used to store data (the other 4 bytes are used to locate the next file sector). This approach eliminates external fragmentation (since even the smallest block can now be used). Some problems with this approach are that seeking within a file is now difficult. For example, if were interested in the last 100 bytes of a 100mb file, we need to traverse all the sectors of the file (follow links) to get to the last 100 bytes. Another major issue is that we need to do a disk seek with every disk sector (unless disk sectors are contiguous). And yet another issue with this is that storing pointers on every disk sector uses up a lot of disk space. UNIX Used I-Nodes an indexed file allocation method. Its fast for small blocks of data and can accommodate extremely large volumes of data RAM Disk RAM disks are a temporary storage solution, data cannot be permanently saved, and data is lost on any type of system shut off. I. e. system reboots. A Random Access Memory disk is a segment of the main memory that is left for extra storage if required. This is otherwise known as a Virtual Drive. The main use for this area is that of performing operations to files, this is a better way of performing operations as the rate at which they can be performed on are that much higher than that of a physical drive. Size constraints are a major problem with RAM disks, as they are limited to that only of the RAM contained in the machine. For example in modern home computer systems 256mb of RAM is contained, therefore only 256megabyte of RAM disc can be used. 256mb in todays computing is very little in comparison to what users require. OS Services files, copy, delete, rename, view, find, backup Directories create, rename, list, delete Programming, Open, close, read, write, seek File allocation methods, FAT 32, NTFS, UNIX, Disk caching RAM disk Defragmentation I/O System Management DMA DMA takes control of the system by imitating the processor; it does this to enable itself to transfer data to and from the memory using the system bus. Buffering is required primarily because of the slow nature of I/O Device function. It is a way of smoothing out an I/O operation, Virtual Segmentation each process is divided in to slices (segments) non-resident Caching and Spooling of Input and output devices Drivers System Components ( CPU, RAM, System Bus, Local Buses, Device Controllers, Control Registers, Devices). IO response System (polling, interrupts, I/O, DMA Kernal Layers, Purpose, Device, Drivers, System calls Device Management Device management controls hardware resources; this includes the control over selection and operation of the devices used for input, output or storage. 2. Select an appropriate type of operating system for the following ICT needs, giving the choice of current operating systems [trade names]: a) Local council office department in charge of the collection, and distribution of council tax. b) A national car-rental agency, whose main computing centre is located in Sheffield, through which all of the daily transactions for the business are conducted. c) An electro-plating circuit board manufactures. d) A travelling company representative, who uses technology to keep in touch with his office. 3. Research and identify the different operating systems currently available for desktop computers. From your research and investigations of these operating systems you must critically evaluate them. This evaluation should clearly demonstrate your understanding of the differences found including and potential disadvantages. Bibliography http://www. cse. lehigh. edu/~glennb/um/book/c10os. htm http://dragon. acadiau. ca/~dbenoit/3713/slides/pdf/Week2. 1_History. pdf http://cne. gmu. edu/itcore/processes/Time. html http://www. netnam. vn/unescocourse/os/35. htm#3. 5. 3%20Virtual%20memory%20concept http://www. cs. aue. auc. dk/~akbar/ospdfiles/wschap7. PDF Books [Computer Science 5th Edition, CS French, Ashford Press Gosport, 1996].

Teens Essay -- essays research papers fc

In order insure America’s future, a national problem needs to addressed. Is America’s youth being educated in regards to preventing teenage pregnancy? Did you know that approximately every two minutes, a teenage girl in the United States gives birth (Guernsey 6)? While this fact may be sad and startling to most people, it is indeed the truth. Over the past few decades, the problem of teen pregnancy has grown considerably in this country. However, the most extensive dilemma regarding the issue of adolescent pregnancy is the incredibly important question of prevention. Preventing teen pregnancy includes such solutions as the availability of birth control, sexual education among children and adolescents, and a greater sense of support for pregnant teens. However, before society can begin to successfully prevent pregnancies among teenage girls, the underlying causes and facts about the dilemma must first be exposed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eighty-five percent of the teenage girls who become pregnant every year do not plan their pregnancies; an alarming fifteen- percent of these pregnancies is, in fact, intentional (Ayer 107). Some girls are under the false pretenses that having a baby will provide them with a certain amount of love that is currently missing in their lives. Many also believe that with this new life they have helped create will come a renewed sense of hope (107). These incentives reflect emotional problems that will not be solved by becoming pregnant, but will only get worse. In addition, a considerable amount of girls become pregnant as a secret plan to hold on to their boyfriends (Guernsey 37). They assume that by giving birth to their boyfriends’ babies, he will stick around longer and the relationship will improve as a result. However, the reality is that if a relationship is not strong enough to survive on its own, the presence of a baby will simply make it much more diffi cult.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several myths surrounding teen and adolescent pregnancy. Many of these myths are misunderstandings that many teenagers have, regarding sexual activity and pregnancy. A common deception among teens is that it is impossible to impregnate someone, or become pregnant the first time they have sex. Not only is this extremely false, it just so happens that approximately one out of twenty girls becomes pregnant the first time s... ...as moral and emotional dilemmas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By targeting males, many believe that the rate of teen pregnancy will drop considerably. Those involved with the prevention of teenage pregnancy are optimistic that the rate in pregnancy will decrease among teenagers. This is a battle being fought not only by teenage parents, but also by society as a whole. It is important that all children are educated thoroughly about teen pregnancy and then they can therefore make proper decisions regarding this issue. With the growing concern for teenage mothers and their babies, it appears that people have finally begun to take note of the problem and are doing what they can, in their own way, to further prevent pregnancies among teenagers. Reaching to America’s teen in regards to the prevention of pregnancies will is one means of in suring America’s future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Everything You Need To Know about Teen Fatherhood. Ayer, Eleanor H. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, 1993. Bell, Alison. â€Å"Pregnant on Purpose.† Teen August 1997: 106-108. Guernsey, JoAnn Bren. The Facts about Teen Pregnancy. New York: Crestwood House, 1989. Harris, Yvette R.

Witchcraft During the Renaissance

Accompanying and following the Renaissance â€Å"rebirth† during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries and supplementing the Protestant and Catholic Reformations, the persecution of individuals as witches in Europe reached its zenith during the sixteenth century. Countless people, women and men alike, were accused of witchcraft, although this scale was tipped significantly toward poor, old women whose husbands’ had low wage work. The notion of witchcraft appealed to and was possible at the time to the general public because such occurrences as â€Å"mysterious disappearances† or â€Å"Satanic luck† necessitated explanations.These events were thus attributed to â€Å"servants of the Devil,† or witches, who were supposedly possessed to bend to Satan’s will as stated my Luther. Luther’s bias was towards the bible because he was a religious leader; therefor he believed what it said, which was that witches existed. Many accused witches were tortured until they either admitted, like Walpurga Hausmannin, or were killed from torture. Hausmannin’s bias was towards women because she was one, and she was very skeptical towards all the women being killed.No one was safe, as even mayors councilors and associate judges were persecuted. The witch-hunting excitement of the period resulted from religious, individual, societal, and sociological fears and interests prevalent during the time frame. First, highly influential religious individuals like Luther, Calvin, and the pope form a group of people who played a major role in promoting the belief of witchcraft among the people. Pope Innocent VIII, for example, willingly accepted the concept of witchcraft and even fully supported the persecution of witches.His bias was also towards the Bible. As a religious leader, the Pope wholeheartedly believed that individuals â€Å"give themselves over to devils† and, as a servant of God, was obliged to purge the world of th em. The notable Protestant leaders Martin Luther and John Calvin shared this identical perspective. Luther stresses that the â€Å"Devil’s whores† exist to cause chaos and disruption in God’s world. As he strictly upheld the status quo, Luther would have used the convenient explanation that the poor laborers were more likened to turn to witchcraft.Calvin, on the other hand, compares the problem of witchcraft to that of waging â€Å"war against an infinite number of enemies†. Calvin, as an advocate of an organization adjoining religion and state, naturally views the campaign against witches as war. Clergy, influenced by these religious leaders, recorded any slightly suspicious activity as supernatural and Satanic. Since the majority of Europe was Catholic or some form of Protestant during the time, the people looked up to their respective leaders for â€Å"truth. As popes, Luther, and Calvin professed the existence of witchcraft, the people did as well. H owever, other individuals persecuted witches for purely individual or societal interests. The witch-hunting movement was promoted and effectively advertised by those who would gain from the persecution, namely the â€Å"notaries, copyists, and innkeepers†¦executioner†. According to the account, anyone could be put to trial or torture with the slightest provocation. As a result, the individuals who gained some form of wealth from the persecution supported it.Judges gained support from the people for charging individuals with witchcraft. The demographic aspects of accused witches show that women were much more likely to be persecuted as a consequence of gender biases toward the â€Å"impurity† and â€Å"imperfection† of the feminine sex in the group. The authors of are Dominican monks attempting to clarify the reasons for which women are witches. Although John Wier is skeptical towards the idea of witchcraft, his views sustain the fact that old women’s physical state led to their increased chance of persecution.The most important reason why numerous individuals were branded and persecuted as witches during the late fifteenth through seventeenth centuries was probably as a convenient sociological reason for unexplained occurrences. Any unusual event would cause mass hysteria (Doc B5), and as the people could not directly punish the devils for it, they would be satisfied to reprimand the devils’ servants, the witches, since there could be no other reasonable rationalization.The composition of poems regarding witchcraft shows that it played a prominent role in the life of an ordinary person. It also subtly encourages readers not to fall under possession by resisting Satan’s attempts to control them. John Weir also indicates that the public, including some scientists, passionately favors witch persecution. In late seventeenth-century America, several girls’ witch accusations in Salem, Massachusetts caused two yea rs of witch fear illustrating the common fear of spiritual evils.

American Writers Essay

ENG 4U1 – Film and Literature Comparative ISP Choose your ISP Topic below. For that topic, you must choose one corresponding film and one corresponding novel from the list below. You will then work towards completing a comparative analysis of the two chosen works. The steps of the ISP are as follows: U1A5 – Statement of Intent/ISP Proposal U2A6 – ISP Progress Report #1 (here you will review your ISP novel) U4A1 – ISP Annotated Bibliography U5A1 – ISP Progress Report #2 (here you will review your ISP film) U5A2 – ISP Thesis/Outline U5A4 – Final ISP Essay. ISP TOPICS FILM CHOICES NOVEL CHOICES Personal Liberation/Redemption Gran Torino Rocky Balboa Albert Camus, The Outsider Carol Shields, The Stone Diaries Ernest Gaines, A Lesson Before Dying Ian McEwan, Atonement Jane Urqhart, The Stone Carvers John Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner Margaret Atwood, Surfacing Margaret Laurence, The Stone Angel Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness Oscar Wilde, A Picture of Dorian Gray Roberston Davis, Fifth Business Walter Lamb, She’s Come Undone Destructive Nature of Dreams American Gangster. There Will Be Blood Brian Moore, The Passion of Judith Hearne F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby John Steinbeck, The Pearl John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men Mordechai Richler, The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye Utopia/Direction of the Future Children of Men The Road Aldous Huxley, Brave New World Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange Cormac McCarthy, The Road George Orwell, 1984 Margaret Atwood, Oryx and Crake Margaret Atwood, A Handmaid’s Tale Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 Journey Motif Rain Man Motorcycle Diaries  A. Manette Ansay, Vingear Hill Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Cormac McCarthy, The Road John Steinbeck, The Pearl Khaled Hosseini A Thousand Splendid Suns Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner Kim Edwards, The Memory Keeper’s Daughter Marina Nemat, The Prisoner of Tehran Paolo Coehlo, The Alchemist Salman Rushdie, Satanic Verses Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees William Faulkner, As I Lay Dying Destructive Nature of War Avatar The Hurt Locker Anne Michaels, Fugitive Pieces Denis Brock, The Ash Garden. Elie Wiesel, Night Ian McEwan, Atonement Joseph Boyden, Three Day Road Joseph Keller, Catch-22 Joy Kogawa, Obasan Laura Esquivel, Like Water For Chocolate Markus Zusak, The Book Thief Pat Barker, The Ghost Road Timothy Findley, The Wars Non-Conformist Hero Juno Iron Man Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange J. D, Salinger, The Catcher in The Rye John Irving, A Prayer For Owen Meany Joyce Carol Oates, Foxfire Ken Kesey, One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest Kim Edwards, The Memory Keeper’s Daughter Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog in  the Nighttime Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness Roddy Doyle. A Star Called Henry Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees Immigrant Experience Lost in Translation In America Anne Michaels, Fugitive Pieces Barbara Kingsolver, The Poisonwood Bible Brian Moore, The Luck of Ginger Coffey Frank McCourt, Angela’s Ashes Jane Urquhart, The Stone Carvers Joy Kowaga, Obasan Margaret Laurence, The Diviners Michael Ondaatje, In the Skin of a Lion Mistry Rohinton, A Fine Balance Nino Ricci, Lives of the Saints Role of Women Revolutionary Road An Education. Alice Walker, The Colour Purple Anita Diamant, The Red Tent Anne Marie MacDonald, Fall On Your Knees Arthur Golden, Memoirs of a Geisha Barbara Kingsolver, The Poisonwood Bible Bernhard Schlink, The Reader Frank McCourt, Angela’s Ashes Khaled Hosseini A Thousand Splendid Suns Kim Edwards, The Memory Keeper’s Daughter Margaret Atwood, The Edible Woman Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale Miriam Toews, A Complicated Kindness Sue Monk Kidd, The Secret Life of Bees Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire Toni Morrison, The Bluest Eye Wally Lamb, She’s Come Undone.

Cell Phone essays

Cell Phone essays The Development of Cellular Telephones Have you ever stopped to think what it would was like before we had cell phones? You couldnt just call from your car if you were running late for work, in a wreck, or trying to find directions. Technology is increasing day by day, and going to do nothing but get bigger. With every new bit of technology we get, there are always good and bad to come. Finding these problems is what makes technology interesting. Since a cellular telephone is really a two way radio, you can start tracking cell phone history back to 1876 with the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell(********). In addition, to the telephone there had to be another part this is where the radio invented by Guglielmo Marconi came in 1895(********). A cell phone uses up two frequencies, one for sending your voice out and one which allows one to come in. This is why cell phones are considered two way radios, or full-duplex devices(******) this way more than one person can communicate at a time, instead of a half-duplex for instance a walkie-talkie which only allows one person to talk at a time(******). It was not until 1984 that cell phones were first mass marketed to the public (*notes*). This was a boom in technology as it still continues to rise. Any time any where you could call who ever, where ever you wished. Many service providers used wireless plans. This allowed you to have certain minutes, and ranges whic h you could travel with your phone before roaming. The more you paid the better your plan you could receive. Any time you went over your minutes or out of your area of range they stuck it to you, and it appeared on your bill. As technology grows spontaneously new and improved ideas come out. At the beginning cell phones where very bulky and not many people had them, mostly just the people who had money to blow. Now days you can get a phone that can fit into the palm of your hand, and every one ...

Vaccination and Baccalaureate

Vaccination and Baccalaureate Vaccination and Baccalaureate Vaccination and Baccalaureate By Maeve Maddox I wanted to call this post Cows and College Graduates, but blog titles must be plain and to the point. Warning: This is something of a shaggy dog story, so if youre the impatient type, you may want to skip this post. Vaccination The Latin word for cow is vacca. When Edward Jenner was looking for a way to prevent smallpox (variola), he worked with the less deadly disease cowpox (variolae vaccinae). Variola is from Latin varius, spotted, or varus, pimple. Vaccinae is from Latin vaccinus, from cows. Jenner coined the word vaccination for his technique of scratching cowpox virus into the skin. Survivors of cowpox were immune to smallpox. Baccalaureate The word baccalaureate comes from Medieval Latin baccalaureus, student with a first degree. Baccalaureate is related to the English word bachelor. Indeed, we refer to a B.A. (Artium Baccalaureus) as a bachelors degree. At the end of the 13th century, a bachelor was a young man in training for knighthood. Although one conjecture is that bachelor derives from Latin baculum, stick, because squires practiced with staves instead of swords, the more likely source is Medieval baccalarius, vassal farmer. Baccalarius derived from baccalia, a herd of cows. Bacca was a Low Latin variant of vacca, cow. A baccalaria was originally a grazing farm and a baccalarius a cowherd or cowboy. In the 14th century the meaning of bachelor evolved from knight in training to junior member of a guild or university. In time, because young men still pursuing their educations couldnt affordin terms of time or moneyto marry, bachelor took on the meaning of unmarried man. The -larius of baccalarius became the -laureus of baccalaureus by way of folk etymology. Before schools adopted the practice of awarding cheesy plastic trophies, academic achievement was honored by the bestowal of a crown of laurel leaves. Laurel berries in Latin is bacca lauri. Ergo, rustic baccalarius became classy baccalaureus and the cow connection was no more. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Among vs. AmongstCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Higher Education in Qatar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Higher Education in Qatar - Research Paper Example The Sheik is a capable man eager to set the state in continuous motion of self-independence and sustainability in the future should the oil and gas become extinct. In this case, the generation thus created will be able to stand on its feet and enhance innovation through education (Fromherz, 2012). Not only is this the main factor and project, but also the principal transformation through policies geared to motivate research and technology in production sectors. The country being limited by the amount of rainfall cannot thus depend on agriculture, but has come up to be a rich mine of the gas and oil which are the main sources of per capita income and which has now been used to better the education sector in order to raise a generation that can fend for itself in the near future. Qatar National Development Strategy 2011-2016 was implemented towards the achievement of Qatar National Vision 2030. The Vision aims to create sustainable economic prosperity, promote human development, creati ng a sound social development and sustaining the environment for future generations (Zellman, 2007). The national strategy is one of the key issues that take into consideration the cultural and religious values of the state with an overall mission of providing a balanced and sustainable growth by the year 2030 (Davis, 2012). Among the key elements that the government factored to be used as a tool for sustainable development was education which was to be made available to all citizen and foreigners cheaply (Boys, 2011). To achieve continuous modernization requires the development of the education system and public institutions which aim at providing quality management and services to the general... Qatar National Development Strategy 2011-2016 was implemented towards the achievement of Qatar National Vision 2030. The Vision aims to create sustainable economic prosperity, promote human development, creating a sound social development and sustaining the environment for future generations (Zellman, 2007). The national strategy is one of the key issues that take into consideration the cultural and religious values of the state with an overall mission of providing a balanced and sustainable growth by the year 2030(Davis, 2012).Among the key elements that the government factored to be used as a tool for sustainable development was education which was to be made available to all citizen and foreigners cheaply(Boys, 2011). To achieve continuous modernization requires the development of the education system and public institutions which aim at providing quality management and services to the general public. The aim of the National Strategy is also to highlight the key areas to address t he position of the state in global economic trends and clearly state the roles to be played to enhance both regional and international levels of production. Chapter four of the strategy provides for the human development and highlights the critical issues with regard to education. The main focus here is to realize Qatar National Vision 2030 for education and training, addressing education issues, improving K-12 general education, enhancing higher education, as well as scientific research.

Business Company Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Company Analysis - Research Paper Example Assigning equal weights to each of these external factors, and arriving at the mobiles long-term prospects/evolution as the most important external factor, to which Google has responded with stunning success, based on the brilliant success of Android up to this point. We assign scores of 3 each for the Microsoft and Facebook threats, given that the Google response is credible, but has room for improvement, especially with regard to the threat of Facebook eating into Googles advertising revenues. This latter threat is low at present, given that Googles revenues continue to remain healthy, and promises to remain healthy with the excellent prospects for mobile and Googles substantial stake in mobile via Android. The rating is 4 for the long-term mobile evolution factor. This puts the EFE rating for Google at High, or between 3 and 4 (Kelleher; Paul; Enderle; Coldewey; Fletcher; Foreign Writer; Google Finance; Reuters; CrunchBase; Yahoo!; MarketWatch; Porter). Looking at the IFE matrix, on the other hand, the continuing weakness at Motorola Mobility threatens to weigh down Google moving forward, and this can be rated as a major weakness on the part of Google. This is given the substantial weighting in the IFE, even as its overall revenues is dwarfed by Googles revenues in advertising, and its profits or losses likewise are small in comparison to the profits of Google overall. This is a key consideration for the weighting of the weakness, whereas its core strengths in search and in mobile are very formidable to the point of being almost unassailable at present. Given this, we assign the weights of 70 percent for search, 20 percent for mobile via Android, and 10 percent for Motorola mobility as a key weakness. Rating the first two as 4, and the Motorola mobility weakness as 1, for major weakness, we get a total IFE rating of between 3 and 4 (Kelleher; Paul; Enderle; Coldewey; Fletcher; Foreign Writer; Google Finance; Reuters; CrunchBase; Ya hoo!;

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 7

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay Example There are around 26,000 people employed under the company in worldwide market segments. The company has made adequate investments in the segments of production facilities and ‘Research and Development’ (R&D) facilities with the aim of ensuring that innovative along with better quality cars are provided to global customers. Subsequently, the company with the assistance of R&D facilities is able to conduct business operations in an effective manner (Jaguar Land Rover Limited, 2014). The success of a company is based on the facts that business objectives are accomplished in accordance with desired business outcomes. In this regard, Jaguar Land Rover has been performing business operations in the worldwide market segments with quality products. The prime focus of the company is in the area of quality, innovation, design and technology, which have assisted in enhancing market share, customer base as well as production line. Subsequently, the company is identified to develop new product types which include F-TYPE along with a new variety of Range Rover. The company has been selling different variety of cars that include luxury saloons, four wheeler off-road vehicles and spots cars in almost 178 countries (Bloomberg, 2014). The customers are recognised to be the prime consideration for the success of the company. The company has been making investments in R&D facilities with the intention of providing products in accordance with the expectations of the customers. In this respect, the company has invested around  £2 billion during the period 2013 with the intention of developing production facility, infrastructure and product development (Jaguar Land Rover, 2013). Jaguar Land Rover had employed around 3,000 additional employees during the year 2013. Subsequently, the company with the assistance of its employees, dealers and supply chain networks has been able to provide around 374,636 cars i.e. 23% above from the

The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Jazz and Classical Music on Musicians Essay A thesis presented on the history of jazz as compared to classical music and the effects on musicians, beginning with the birth of jazz, and covering the twentieth century. Berliner (1994) impresses upon the idea that jazz music is more important to a musician’s development and an individual’s mental health than classical music. It is this author’s opinion that Jazz is superior over classical music because jazz music is often soft, smooth, and reflective. In addition, the world of jazz has some wonderful artists who can both play and write jazz music so extraordinary that it will make music lovers melt like ice as the stress washes away. Jazz allows people to close their eyes, relax, mediate, and dream about their loved ones. It is the best for mediation purposes because it provides people with softness, calm, soul, and fantasy. The freedom found in jazz represents the freedom inside of all Americans. Jazz itself is a success story told through its own invention. True jazz musicians play the music that they do as a necessity to themselves. Their music is their diary, and their diary is more pure than words can tell. Jazz is Americas great contribution to the arts. It is thrilling, exhilarating, and thought-provoking music that stirs emotions of all kinds. Jazz is in the mind, heart, and in the soul. Its influence extends worldwide, and touches all related forms of music. It is an enriching art form that deserves a special place in our vibrant culture. III In the world of jazz, young performers must master a repertoire of chord progressions, off-beats, and harmonies so that they can count on them as structures around which and through which they might weave more magical variations. Jazz players use chord changes as a means of giving shape to melodic improvisation. Classical players merely read lead sheets or book arrangements and use strict chord symbols in a much more static way. â€Å"Classical music is simple for its rhythmic pattern and simplistic chords while jazz’ chords are complex† Cook (p. 17). Many may argue that classical music is a more integral part of development, but a talented classical composer will in fact draw on stylistic elements of jazz to enrich the classical tradition of symphonic music. Classical composers have consistently been making use of two elements of jazz over the years which are syncopation and harmony characterized by blue notes. â€Å"Indeed, even apparently knowledgeable classical musicians often sound confused and unsure about the essence of jazz music.† Carr (p. 174). Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a life-long study of jazz music, and few classical musicians have been able to master jazz. Jazz music ran parallel to the development of the twentieth century classical style music. Those musicians that learn both types of music are not locked into one type of discipline, and will have more musical experiences. â€Å"We are the musical melting pot achieving a vision of merging cultures that fulfilled the image that America had of its own social destiny.† Gioia (P. 395). As a result of this concept, jazz composers began to attend symphony concerts, and subsequently jazz and classical styles began to overlap to a degree; which resulted in an art form now referred to as jazz fusion. Some would argue that jazz music is too different from classical due to being unceremonious, gritty, or too improvisational. Between 1920 and 1950 jazz and classical music together made the most successful contributions to music. â€Å"One genre essentially has the ability to learn something from the other, and can create an even more captivating sound.† Ratliff (p. 23) Many could dispute over the fact that a newcomer to jazz might feel bewildered by its proliferation of styles and differing approaches to music-making. â€Å"Indeed, harmonies are more dissonant, phrases more irregular, accents sharper, and tempos are more varied, but that is what makes it so beautiful. Its casual nature is evidenced by the inoffensiveness of wrong notes being plated, by singers taking breath sometimes without relation to lyrics, and musicians being introduced right in the middle of a performance† Ratliff (p. 72). Classical music on the other hand can occasionally trigger a thorough exploration of self and mind. It may cause a person to look at their failures in life. A sudden realization of self can be extreme or painful. Not everyone enjoys classical music. In the UK, classical music is used to drive groups of youths away from places they congregate in. Jazz music is a beautiful improvisational art making itself up as it goes along just like the country that gave it birth, and with each tap of the foot, jazz musicians reaffirm their connection to the earth. Jazz waxes and wanes between tension and repose. It challenges the musician with unpredictability and then rewarding the listener with predictable rhythms. â€Å"Jazz rewards individual expression but demands selfless collaboration.† Ward (p. 1). Listening to jazz is not just a satisfying and rewarding experience; studies show that it is actually good for a musician’s health. Listening to jazz or playing jazz melodies can relieve chronic pain and migraines, reduce blood pressure, accelerate post-stroke recovery, improve memory, boost immunity and induce relaxation. 2 Jazz music helps distract people. It gives individuals a sense of control and also releases endorphins into their bodies that alleviate pain. There is a very contextual debate that classical music is superior due to the fact it can release dopamine during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music. It conveys very well what the composer puts into it, and although classical music does activate pleasure and reward-related regions of the brain creating a high, playing highly pitched stimulating music for long periods is not healthy because it leads to cortisol and noradrenalin secretion without the concomitant fight or flight action. Long term overdose with those hormones is well documented to create many health problems, from depression to sexual dysfunction. The current market share of Jazz in America is mere 3 percent, but jazz is still regarded as a very powerful music which is in the blood and feeling of the American people more than any other style of music. It can be made the basis of serious symphonic works of lasting value in the hands of a talented composer. â€Å"Jazz music has always been and forever will be fundamental in the development of future musicians† Cook (p. 65). Glossary Bebop: the style of jazz developed by young players in the early 40s, particularly Parker, Gillespie, Kenny Clarke, Charlie Christian and Bud Powell. Small groups were favored, and simple standard tunes or just their chord progressions were used as springboards for rapid, many-noted improvisations using long, irregular, syncopated phrasing. Improv was based on chordal harmony rather than the tune. The ‘higher intervals’ of the chords (9th, 11th and 13th) were emphasized in improv and in piano chord voicings, and alterations were used more freely than before, especially the augmented 11th. The ground beat was moved from the bass drum to the ride cymbal and the string bass, and the rhythmic feel is more flowing and subtle than before. Instrumental virtuosity was stressed, while tone quality became more restrained, less obviously ‘expressive’. The style cast a very long shadow and many of today’s players 60 years later could be fairly described as bebop. Blues: (1) A form normally consisting of 12 bars, staying in one key and moving to IV at bar 5. (2) A melodic style, with typical associated harmonies, using certain ‘blues scales’, riffs and grace notes. (3) A musical genre, ancestral to jazz and part of it. (4) A feeling that is said to inform all of jazz. Boogie (boogie-woogie): a style of piano playing very popular in the thirties. Blues, with continuous repeated eighth note patterns in the left hand and exciting but often stereotyped blues riffs and figures in the right hand. Cadence: A key-establishing chord progression, generally following the circle of fifths. A turnaround is one example of a cadence. Sometimes a whole section of a tune can be an extended cadence. In understanding the harmonic structure of a tune, it’s important to see which chords are connected to which others in cadences. Free Jazz: a style of the early and middle sixties, involving ‘free’ playing and a vehement affect. It was originally associated with black cultural nationalism. Sometimes two drummers and/or two bass players were used. Some free jazz was profound, and some not very good. Some who played it later denounced it, but the style became an ingredient in future styles and still has many proponents despite its lack of general popularity. Groove: an infectious feeling of rightness in the rhythm, of being perfectly centered. This is a difficult term to define. A Medium Groove is a tempo of, say, 112, with a slinky or funky feeling. Improvisation (improv): the process of spontaneously creating fresh melodies over the continuously repeating cycle of chord changes of a tune. The improviser may depend on the contours of the original tune, or solely on the possibilities of the chords’ harmonies, or (like Ornette Coleman) on a basis of pure melody. The ‘improv’ also refers to the improvisational section of the tune, as opposed to the head. Inner voice: a melodic line, no matter how fragmentary, lying between the bass and the melody. Interlude: an additional section in a tune, especially one between one person’s solo and another’s. The Dizzy Gillespie standard A Night In Tunisia has a famous interlude. Jazz Standard: A well-known tune by a jazz musician. See Standard. Latin: (1) Afro-Cuban, Brazilian or other South American-derived. There are many special terms used in Latin music and I haven’t tried to include them here. (2) Played with equal eighth notes as opposed to swung (see swing def. 2). Also ‘straight-8†². The feel of bossa novas and sambas. Pattern: a pre-planned melodic figure, repeated at different pitch levels. Something played automatically by the fingers without much thought. Reliance on patterns is the hallmark of a weak player. REFERENCES: Berliner, Thinking in Jazz, University of Chicago, 1994 Carr, Ian, Jazz the Essential Companion, Prentice Hall Press, 1987 Cook, Richard, The Penguin Guide to Jazz, Penguin Books, 2004 Gioia, Ted, The History of Jazz, Oxford University Press, 1997 Ward, Geoffrey, Jazz a History of America’s Music, Random House, 2000 5

Futility in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting For Go

Beckett explores the theme of futility in an attempt to leave the audience with questions about the meaning of life. The techniques and ways in which he does this vary in relation to the scene but he relies heavily on the use of philosophical and emotive language and a shocking way to intellectually and emotionally engage the audience. All characters that Beckett features in his play are used as literary constructs in creating the tone and setting in which to develop and examine the theme of futility. The theme of futility is linked to the philosophy of Nihilism and grounded in the belief that our universe is stochastic, and therefore structure-less. If life has no structure or coherent meaning it can ultimately be seen as futile. Beckett explores the theme of futility throughout the text in numerous ways. The theme of futility is immediately brought to the forefront in the beginning of the scene through stage directions concerning Estragon’s struggle with his boot. Diction such as ‘he gives up, tries again†¦ as before’ immediately set the tone of the futility of both his actions and the situation. This is further reflected in the setting of the play and the apparent bareness of their surroundings. The theme of futility is further reflected in the cyclical nature of the dialogue in the sense that nothing appears to change and everything is simply repeated, their conversation never reached a definitive conclusion they are ultimately still ‘waiting for Godot’ and longing for answers. The concept of time is used very successfully by Beckett in order to highlight and develop the theme of futility in ‘Waiting for Godot.’ Time can be seen as a very fluid concept in the sense that the audience is never made aware of how l... ...above. Whilst numerous techniques are employed in order to develop and influence the audiences understanding and perception of themes he deems important perhaps the most significant tool, which Beckett utilizes, is the motifs and certain characterization. The play can be considered highly minimalist and therefore the dynamics that exist between the characters are essential in order to demonstrate and explore the theme of futility. Ultimately, the theme of futility and the effect it has on relationships and attitudes can be considered the most significant and widely explored by Beckett. Conclusively, futility is greatly involved in the play and Beckett explores it through methods I have explored in this essay. Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. Waiting For Godot. 3rd ed. N.p.: CPI Group, 2006. Print. Vol. 1 of Samuel Beckett: The Complete Dramatic Works. 4 vols

Unit 3 – Supporting Children

E1. Five pieces of current legislation are: 1. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 2. Equality Act 2006 3. Childcare Act 2006 4. Race Relations Act 2000 5. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 E2. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that we should not discriminate on the grounds of gender and that both genders should be treated equally with the same rights. This means that practitioners should involve boys and girls in all activities and should not make comments such as ‘Girls are more sensible than boys’. Equality Act 2006 provides a legal framework to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all.That means that practitioners should treat all children as an individual and give children equal opportunities as children have individual needs that should be met. Childcare Act 2006 incorporates the welfare standards with which all settings registered to work with children under 8 years must comply, and also provides a learning framewo rk for children aged 0-5 years called the Early Years Foundation Stage. The welfare requirements affect much of the day-to-day practice within settings, for example the adult to child ratio in rooms.Race Relations Act amended 2000 apply to discrimination on the grounds of colour, race, nationality and ethnic and national origins. It states that practitioners should give equal opportunities to all children no matter what their race, nationality and ethnic origin is. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than other children. It also states that schools must ensure that they make reasonable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not placed at a disadvantage.E3. Safeguarding is defined as: All agencies working with children, young people and their families taking all reasonable measures to ensure that the risks of harm to children's welfare are minimized. Policies and Procedures w ill help safeguard children by making sure that all steps are taken to protect children and young people from harm. To ensure this create an environment in the setting which encourages children to develop a positive self-image, regardless of race, language, religion culture and home background.Encourage children to develop a sense of autonomy and independence and enable children to have the self-confidence and the vocabulary to resist inappropriate approaches. Following the correct procedures in the setting is essential because if there is an accident and you have followed all the correct procedures then the accident is not your fault; however if you haven't followed the correct procedures then you are responsible for any accidents that happen and the consequences are your fault. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 states that practitioners should not treat disabled children less favourably than other children.It also states that schools must ensure that they make reas onable adjustments to ensure that children with disabilities are not placed at a disadvantage Another policy that will safeguard children is Health and Safety Policy. This policy aims to ensure that settings both inside and outside are secure, safe and healthy place for children, parents, staff and other people to be around in. This policy also aims to prevent accidents, injuries and ill-health, and it makes sure all staff is aware of potential hazards within the setting and the surrounding environment. E4.An Inclusion policy ensures that all pupils are fully included in all aspects of school life and have an equal opportunity no matter what their gender, religion, race, background, specific difficulty or physical ability is. This policy aims to support the individual needs of each and every child recognising their rights and raising awareness. By having a relations or partnership with parents’ policy in place a setting, helps a setting to recognise that parents and carers ar e the first educators of their children. â€Å"Parents are children’s first and most enduring educators.When parents and practitioners work together in early years settings, the results have a positive impact on children’s development and learning. † Commitment 2. 2 Parents as Partners, EYFS The policy’s aim is to work in partnership with parents and carers in providing an environment that supports and involves them in the setting. A setting can do this by informing parents of how the setting operates, opening times and policies and procedures through written information on notice boards and involve parents in the shared development record keeping about their child and ensure they have access to their child’s developmental records..Another policy that is provided to promote fair, just and inclusive strategies is ‘Equal Opportunities’. This policy is designed to provide opportunities for all people to achieve according to efforts and ab ilities. This policy means individuals will be catered for and they will be given equality of opportunity no matter what disability, ethnic origin, medical condition, gender, special educational need, religion and age. As a practitioner working in a setting you must understand that everyone is equal and everyone has different needs and abilities. E5.One strategy which my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is arrival time. When children arrive to school they have few jobs to do before they sit down on the carpet. Firstly what they have to do is put their book bags in correct box Hares, Rabbit or Reading Group Box it depends on which group they are in and whether it is their turn to read. To find out if it is their turn to read they look up on the reading board to see if their picture is up. Once they have done this they have to do the same with their lunch boxes.Then its time to find their pegs and hang up their coats. All children have their o wn pegs with their picture and name on them which makes it easier for children to find their pegs. Finally children say goodbye to their parents and sit down on the carpet in their sitting spaces. Another strategy that my setting uses to empower children to develop independence and self reliance is ‘Special Helper Day or sometimes called VIP day. All children in the classroom have a turn to be a VIP. Children have special jobs to do when it is their turn to be VIP. In the morning the teachers tells children who theVIP is and give children a VIP sticker. Then children are asked to take the register and money basket to the office and on the way back to get the fruit box. Throughout the day VIP’s are responsible for giving the fruit and milk out at snack time and during the day the help the teacher in simple task such as giving the paper out or putting pencil trays on the tables. E6. Transition is a time of change, when children pass through the various stages of life. For the baby this can mean being weaned from milks to solid foods, and for the child it means starting nursery and then school.There are many strategies and examples of how childcare settings can prepare children for transfer or transition. These are listed below: Parents can become as anxious as their children about the move to a new class. Practitioners will regularly have meetings for ‘new parents’ before their children start school. Also, most mainstream provisions have meetings when parents can meet their child’s new teachers; where staff can talk to parents formally about the routines and informally to get to know each other.It is an opportunity to show parents the layout of the setting, and all the practical things which parents need to know about and for them to meet new staff. Reading books, leaflets, brochures and hearing stories that deal with the subject of transition will prepare and support children. This helps to familiarise children with the transiti on process and helps minimise the fear of the unknown. Some children whose second language is not English will find it difficult to communicate or interpret the information provided and the setting will need an interpreter to ease the child’s transition.Ensuring that all documentation about a child is organised and ready to be passed on to a parent/carer or other professionals as appropriate to the situation- For example a key person may hand on a child’s developmental records. Children having comfort objects brought from home will ensure that a child has a smoother transition. Having a comfort object offers children psychological comfort and security especially in unique or unusual situations and also encourages independence.Allowing plenty of opportunities for children to express their feelings and emotions through imaginative and expressive play will ease transition and develop self help skills. Imaginative play helps children to work out ‘real life situations ’ which then helps them to replay the situations which helps children to create solutions to life which is essential for early childhood onwards. Expressive play helps children to release their emotions which will help a child who has just started in a setting to feel more confident.It will help to learn to express emotion more effectively. By having information given by the parent/carer a setting will be more aware of a child’s particular needs or requirements therefore this partnership is crucial. The role of the key person is also important to provide stability for the child and security for the child. E7. Discrimination can occur because some people can have very stereotypical attitudes by having a judgemental approach against children they don’t know and they then assume they know what the children are capable of.Assuming you know what the children are capable of can lead to telling them they can’t do certain activities that other children are doing, when actually they may be capable of it, however even if they aren’t they should be given a chance to try the activity and develop their skills, if they are struggling. Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example: In our setting we promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to other children â€Å"we are alike but different. † A lot of discrimination can be caused by school children thinking they are better than other children. Children don’t understand that everyone is equal and have the same right. Most often children make comments about other children that come up unde r discrimination. For example they may say: ‘I don’t want to play with black children’.This will make children that are different ethnic background feel different, and picked on. They may feel lonely and left out as other children don’t want to play with them because there skin colour is different. â€Å"Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope† (Tassoni et al. 2005 Page 82. (Children’s Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82) D1. There are many issues relating to practice which support children to prepare for transitions. Gathering Information about the setting. It is useful to find out information about school/nursery before parents make a d ecision which school/nursery to send their child to. Parents can look up the information on the setting’s website where they can get some background information. They may also read Brochures/Prospectus. These can be useful as they may contain photographs which will be easier for children to visualise where they are going.Parents can also make a phone call to get some more information about the setting; they could also arrange a visit to the setting. Parents could also ask other parents about the setting as other parents may have children that go to the certain setting. However these would be just opinions from other parents. Talking about school with children It is important to talk with children about school, discussing what it might be like and what will happen during the day. To do this effectively, it may be helpful to school or the teacher who will work with the child to find out some more information about the routine.It is important to avoid building overly unrealistic expectations about what school will be like, as a child’s disappointment when the first day is not as they expected may have an effect on settling in process. Visits to school It is beneficial for a child to visit school before starting. Many schools/nurseries offer visits to school/classroom or when the child is moving to the toddler room etc. The more times that a child can visit the place that the child will be moving to the better as the child will get familiar with the setting and will get used to the routine , other children and teachers.Partnership with Parents It’s important that the setting has a partnership with the child parents, as the parents of the child may worry/panic about their child going into a new environment. For example, the setting could have a coffee morning where stay and play sessions can take place to the parents can watch their child play. The child’s self help skills will also have a link with their parents, For example, if a child still uses a potty the parent of the child and the child's teacher will work together to motivate the child to use the toilet.By working together with parents practitioners can find out more information about children such as child’s interest, dietary requirements or if the child needs any special help. D2. Listening to children By listening to children, children will realise that others value what they have to say and therefore children will feel accepted as individuals with their own feelings and thoughts. There are many ways that early learning and child care practitioners can help children to feel heard. During circle times children can be encouraged to share their personal stories, opinions and feelings.Practitioners can encourage children to speak by asking questions, which will give them the chance to speak and to elaborate. When children’s questions are taken seriously they feel validated and comfortable to seek answers. Taking child’s interests into th e account If a child demonstrates interest in something, practitioners can follow up by offering more opportunities for children to try activities related to his/her interests. By following up on the discussion initiated by the child’s question, it shows the child that the practitioner has heard and appreciated his expression of interest.Empowering children to seek answers engages them in the learning process. Giving children choices When children are given some guided choices appropriately and gradually or whenever possible rather than given commands all the time this helps to build up their decision making ability and self confidence. This is by far better than giving commands alone as giving children commands in upbringing stifles the child’s decision making ability which may result in an overly dependant mindset and a general lack of self confidence.B. Assuming what children are capable of can affect children because practitioners may judge them and treat them diff erently, and children will eventually notice that they are being treated differently which will affect their self –esteem and their social and emotional development. When a child feels that way they may stop trying to achieve or only attempt tasks half-heartedly. They may withdraw from activities and/or the group. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy-the less a child tries, the more likely they are to fail.This reinforces their belief that they will fail and they may try even less as a result. ‘’Discrimination of any kind prevents children and young people from developing a feeling of self-worth or self esteem. The effects of being discriminated against can last the whole of a child’s life. ‘’ C. Meggitt 2007 page 155 If a child is the subject of discrimination, they may have a lack of confidence as a result. But there are also additional issues that may have impact on their learning. Children who are discriminated against are not given equal op portunities in comparison to their peers.This can limit children’s experiences and relationships which in turn affects their learning. â€Å"Children who are discriminated against may not feel they are valued and so may lose confidence, or they may find that other people have low expectations of what they can achieve. This may mean that they are not given the opportunity to acquire new skills or try out new activities as it is assumed they will not be able to cope† Children’s Care Learning and Development Level 2, Heinemann, Page 82.If children are not given equal opportunities to attend settings, participate fully in activities and have their needs met, they are unlikely to learn effectively as children who do not experience discrimination and are therefore treated superiorly. Children are discriminated for a range different reasons for example: A practitioner will not allow boys to play with dolls and the home corner because she thinks they are girls’ t oys. A wheelchair user is encouraged to read a book inside while the other children go outside to play because the practitioner thinks they will not be able to join in with the physical activities.Children may discriminate against other children on account of their differences; this is often the form of name-calling and teasing, and may be directed at children who are either fatter or thinner than others in the group, or who wear different clothes, have a disability or are bilingual . Discrimination against any child regardless of their needs can make them feel isolated and different to other children. Very often children with special needs have a very difficult time trying to fit in with other children especially if they are in a mainstream school.All children can be very unintentionally cruel to one another and should be helped to understand that everyone is different and how this is good. Example: In our setting we promote inclusion and we treat everyone the same and explain to o ther children â€Å"we are alike but different. † C. One theoretical perspective which supports the development of strategies for empowering children is Albert Bandura’s theory. Bandura used the term ‘self efficacy’ to consider the extent in which children believe in themselves. A child with a high self-efficacy believes that they are capable of doing activities and they feel more confident.As a child with low self-efficacy has a low self-esteem and will not feel comfortable about some activities. They may make assumption that the activity is too hard and they can’t do it before even starting it. A. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 has influenced working practices within the early year’s settings as Schools and nurseries need to ensure that nobody is discriminated on the grounds of gender. The settings needs to ensure that nor boys or girls are discriminated in the provision of play activities or during routines.In my placement we plan activit ies where all the children, boys and girls, are able to take part, for example, dressing up. ‘’The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 makes it unlawful to treat a person less favourably than a member of the other sex’’ http://www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf In my setting I have seen that there is a lot of legislation in place to protect and safeguard children, their parents and families. I have found that the legislation plays part on the work practices when in the setting and it reflects on the setting’s policies and procedures.For Example; at my setting we have a policy on behaviour that states no physical punishment is allowed because the Human Right says children and adults have the right of dignity. The Equality Act 2006 has influenced working practices within the early year’s setting as now every setting has an equal opportunities policy which aims to ensure that every member of the school community is given an e qual opportunity to achieve their full potential . It also aims to offer equal opportunities regardless of race, culture, gender orientation, academic ability, physical ability or class.Provide an environment free from social, sexual or cultural prejudice for all members of our school community. Achieve an environment in which members of the school community can be respected as individuals and in which the varied experiences of the community can enrich the life of the school. Race Relations Act 2000 has influences working practices today as every settings take this Act in to the account that racial discriminatory practice is unaccepted . The Act was introduced to make discriminatory practice illegal in the United Kingdom.In practice this will mean that an organisation must be alert on how a setting promotes their service, recruits staff and make the service genuinely accessible to all. The Act defines two types of discrimination: 1. Direct Discrimination – where a person or o rganisation treats another person less favourably because of their colour, race, ethnic or racial origin. 2. Indirect Discrimination – where apparently everyone receives the same treatment, but where that treatment disadvantages people from a certain racial group.Following the Act the Commission for Racial Equality was established in order to help enforce the act, and also to advise the Government and others on issues concerning it. â€Å"The Race Relations Act 1976 and its amendment Act 2000 and the Children Act 1989 place duties on Local Authorities and others to carry out their functions with due regard to the need to promote equality of opportunity and to provide racially, culturally and linguistically appropriate. ‘’ http://www. durham-lscb. gov. k/Procedures/appendix5. shtml The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 strengthened the right of children with disabilities to attend mainstream educational facilities. It is unlawful for any school to discriminate against any disabled children or parents. Ofsted inspectors are now checking that schools are complying with the SENDA and are making sure that children with disabilities have the same rights as other people. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 cover all four UK nations.It defines a disabled person as ‘someone who has a physical or mental impairment which is substantial and long term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day –to-day activities. Each nation has their own legislation to ensure that children with specific needs are assessed and have their needs met in most appropriate way. Settings are required to make ‘reasonable adjustments’ by either changing policy, providing alternative ways to access a provision, or by addressing physical features which make a service impossible or unreasonably difficult for disabled people to use.For example settings can make their provision more accessible by having downstairs toilet s, wider doors and ramps to the front doors. Bibliography Author| Date of publication| Title| Name of publisher| Tassoni et al| 2007| CACHE Level 3 Child Care and Education 4th Edition| Heinemann| Meggitt C et al| 2011| Children and Young People’s Workforce| Hodder Education| Miranda Walker| 2006| Child Care , Learning and Development| Nelson Thornes| Websites http://www. dba. org. uk/pdfs/120-3%20Sex%20Discrimination%20Act. pdf http://www. durham-lscb. gov. uk/Procedures/appendix5. shtml